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---- 〔 〔 ---- ''Supported by:'' ---- ''Non-state combatants:'' * Ganda Iso (Songhai secular militia) * National Liberation Front of Azawad (FLNA) |combatant2 = * National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) * Islamic Movement of Azawad (MIA) |combatant3 = Islamists * Al-Mourabitoun * Ansar al-Sharia * Ansar Dine * AQIM * Boko Haram * MOJWA (active until 2013, merged with fighters loyal to Belmokhtar to form Al-Mourabitoun) * Macina Liberation Front〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mali's Islamist conflict spreads as new militant group emerges )〕 |commander1 = Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta (since September 2013) Dioncounda Traoré (since April 2012) Amadou Sanogo (since March 2012) Amadou Toumani Touré (until March 2012) Sadio Gassama (until March) El Haji Ag Gamou (until March) François Hollande Édouard Guillaud Colonel Thierry Burkhard Brigade General Gregory de Saint-Quentin Shehu Usman Abdulkadir Yaye Garba Mahamat Déby Itno Abdel Aziz Hassane Adam Omar Bikomb ---- Mohamed Lamine Ould Sidatt (NLFA) Housseine Khoulam (NLFA)〔 |commander2 = Mahmoud Ag Aghaly Bilal Ag Acherif Moussa Ag Acharatoumane Ag Mohamed Najem Algabass Ag Intalla (MIA)〔 |commander3 = Mokhtar Belmokhtar Abdelhamid Abou Zeid Abdelmalek Droukdel Abou Haq Younousse Ahmed al-Tilemsi〔 Iyad Ag Ghaly Omar Ould Hamaha |strength1 = 6,000– 7,000 (pre-war: ~12,150) 3,000 2,000〔 1,200〔 733〔 650 500〔 500〔 500〔 500〔 450〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Dutch special forces in Mali tackle changing threat: minister )〕 395〔 300〔 144〔 120〔 ~50〔(Liberian legislature approves troop commitment to Mali ) Voice of America, 25 January 2013〕 Total: 23,564+ ---- 545 (EUTM)〔 ---- ~500 (FLNA)〔 |strength2 = 3,000〔 |strength3 = 1,200–3,000〔 * Boko Haram: 100〔 * Ansar Dine: 300〔 |casualties1 = 164+ killed,〔2 killed (17–19 January),() 160 killed (24–25 January),() 19 killed (16 February), () 16 killed (24 March), 17 killed (26 March) total of 197+ reported killed〕 400 captured Total: 1,000–1,500+ killed, captured or deserted (by April 2012)〔 ---- 85 killed, 197+ wounded,〔 12 captured〔 (January 2013) 38 killed,〔(Mali's new president thanks Chad for support against Islamists )〕 74 wounded〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Ten Chadian soldiers killed fighting Islamists in Mali )〕〔http://www.en.starafrica.com/news/fourth-french-soldier-killed-in-mali.html〕 13 killed 2 killed, several wounded〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Mali Guerre au Mali : Au moins 1 mort dans les rangs des Togolais )〕 1 killed, 1 wounded 28 Killed〔()〕 4 killed |casualties2 = 6–65 killed (Conflict with Malian Army) ---- 26–123 killed (Conflict with Islamists)〔〔 ---- 60 captured〔〔 17–19 killed (2013) |casualties3 = 115 killed (Conflict with Tuaregs) 〔〔〔〔 ---- 625 killed (French intervention) |notes = Displaced: ~144,000 refugees abroad〔 ~230,000 internally displaced persons〔 Total: ≈374,000 }} The Northern Mali Conflict, Mali Civil War, or Mali War refers to armed conflicts that started from January 2012 between the northern and southern parts of Mali in Africa. On 16 January 2012, several insurgent groups began fighting a campaign against the Malian government for independence or greater autonomy for northern Mali, an area known as Azawad. The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), an organization fighting to make Azawad an independent homeland for the Tuareg people, had taken control of the region by April 2012. On 22 March 2012, President Amadou Toumani Touré was ousted in a coup d'état over his handling of the crisis, a month before a presidential election was to have taken place. Mutinous soldiers, calling themselves the National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State (CNRDR), took control and suspended the constitution of Mali.〔Associated Press, "Coup Leader Reinstates Mali's Constitution", ''Express'', 2 April 2012. p. 8.〕 As a consequence of the instability following the coup, Mali's three largest northern cities—Kidal, Gao and Timbuktu—were overrun by the rebels on three consecutive days. On 5 April 2012, after the capture of Douentza, the MNLA said that it had accomplished its goals and called off its offensive. The following day, it proclaimed Azawad's independence from Mali. The MNLA were initially backed by the Islamist group Ansar Dine. After the Malian military was driven from Azawad, Ansar Dine and a number of smaller Islamist groups began imposing strict Sharia law. The MNLA and Islamists struggled to reconcile their conflicting visions for an intended new state. Afterwards, the MNLA began fighting against Ansar Dine and other Islamist groups, including Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MOJWA/MUJAO), a splinter group of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb. By 17 July 2012, the MNLA had lost control of most of northern Mali's cities to the Islamists. The government of Mali asked for foreign military help to re-take the north. On 11 January 2013, the French military began operations against the Islamists. Forces from other African Union states were deployed shortly after. By 8 February, the Islamist-held territory had been re-taken by the Malian military, with help from the international coalition. Tuareg separatists have continued to fight the Islamists as well, although the MNLA has also been accused of carrying out attacks against the Malian military. A peace deal between the government and Tuareg rebels was signed on 18 June 2013〔 but on 26 September 2013 the rebels pulled out of the peace agreement and claimed that the government had not respected its commitments to the truce. Fighting is still ongoing even though French forces are scheduled for withdrawal. A ceasefire agreement was signed on February 19, 2015 in Algiers, Algeria but sporadic terrorist attacks still occur. ==Background== In the early 1990s Tuareg and Arab nomads formed the Mouvement Populaire de l’Azaouad/Azawad People's Movement (MPA) and declared war for independence of Azawad.〔Backgrounder: Situation in Mali, Ralph Sundberg, 5 June 2012, Uppsala Conflict Data Program, http://uppsalaconflictdataprogram.wordpress.com/2012/06/05/backgrounder-situation-in-mali/〕 Despite peace agreements with the government of Mali in 1991 and 1995 a growing dissatisfaction among the former Tuareg fighters, who had been integrated into the Military of Mali, led to new fighting in 2007.〔Mali, Uppsala Conflict Data Program Conflict Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14 Jan 2013, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=103®ionSelect=1-Northern_Africa#〕 Despite historically having difficulty maintaining alliances between secular and Islamist factions the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad allied itself with the Islamist groups Ansar Dine and Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb and began the 2012 Northern Mali conflict.〔 The MNLA was an offshoot of a political movement known as the National Movement for Azawad (MNA) prior to the insurgency.〔 After the end of the Libyan Civil War, an influx of weaponry led to the arming of the Tuareg in their demand for independence for the Azawad. The strength of this uprising and the use of heavy weapons, which were not present in the previous conflicts, were said to have "surprised" Malian officials and observers. Though dominated by Tuaregs, the MNLA stated that they represented other ethnic groups as well, and were reportedly joined by some Arab leaders. The MNLA's leader Bilal Ag Acherif said that the onus was on Mali to either give the Saharan peoples their self-determination or they would take it themselves. Another Tuareg-dominated group, the Islamist Ansar Dine (''Defenders of Faith''), initially fought alongside the MNLA against the government. Unlike the MNLA, it did not seek independence but rather the imposition of Islamic law (Sharia) across Mali. The movement's leader Iyad Ag Ghaly was part of the early 1990s rebellion and has been reported to be linked to an offshoot of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) that is led by his cousin Hamada Ag Hama as well as Algeria's Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité (DRS). Mali was going through several crises at once that favored the rise of the conflict:〔Marc Fonbaustier, (Mali: A case study of a complex African crisis ), ''Marcfonbaustier.tumblr.com'', June 2012〕 * State crisis: the establishment of a Tuareg state has been a long-term goal of the MNLA, since it began a rebellion in 1962. Thereafter, Mali has been in a constant struggle to maintain its territory. * Food crisis: Mali’s economy has an extreme dependence on outside assistance, which has led Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to blockade, to subdue the military junta. * Political crisis: The mutiny led to the fall of the president. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Northern Mali conflict」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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